TM-9-8000 Principles of Automotive Vehicles Manual

Custom Search

Back

TM-9-8000

PRINCIPLES OF AUTOMOTIVE VEHICLES
TECHNICAL MANUAL
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS - CONTINUED
TABLE OF CONTENTS - CONTINUED
TABLE OF CONTENTS - CONTINUED
TABLE OF CONTENTS - CONTINUED
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS - CONTINUED
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS - CONTINUED
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS - CONTINUED
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS - CONTINUED
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS - CONTINUED
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS - CONTINUED
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS - CONTINUED
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS - CONTINUED
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS - CONTINUED
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS - CONTINUED
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS - CONTINUED
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS - CONTINUED
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS - CONTINUED
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS - CONTINUED
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS - CONTINUED
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS - CONTINUED
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS - CONTINUED
LIST OF TABLES
PART ONE. INTRODUCTION
Section III. HISTORY OF MILITARY VEHICLES
Section V. MILITARY VEHICLE CATEGORIES
Section VI. CLASSIFICATION OF VEHICLES
PART TWO. ENGINES
Figure 2-2.Piston Engine Operation.
Figure 2-4. Piston to Crankshaft Relationship
Intake Stroke
Figure 2-8. Four Stroke Cycle Operation.
Figure 2-9 . Valve Train Operation .
Engine Accessory Systems.
Section II. COMPARISON OF ENGINE TYPES
Figure 2-14. The Two-Stroke Cycle.
Gasoline Engine Versus Diesel Engine.
Exhaust
Figure 2-17. Comparison of Gasoline and Diesel Engine Intake Strokes.
Figure 2-19. Four Stroke Cycle Diesel.
Figure 2-20. Multifuel Engine.
Two-Stroke Cycle Diesel
Disadvantages.
Multicylinder Engine Versus Single- Cylinder Engine.
Figure 2-24. Measuring Crankshaft Rotation
Figure 2-26. Power Delivery in One-, Four-, Six-, and Eight-Cylinder Engines
Figure 2-27. The Rotary Engine
Figure 2-28. Figure 2-29 . Speed Relationship of Rotor to Eccentric Shaft .
Section III. CLASSIFICATION OF PISTON ENGINES
Figure 2-32. Typical Liquid-Cooled Arrangement
Valves in the Cylinder Head
Classification by Cylinder Arrangement.
Figure 2-40. F-Head Engine
Section IV. ENGINE MEASUREMENTS
Vacuum In Cylinder on Intake Stroke.
Figure 2-44. Atmospheric Pressure at Sea Level
Increasing Volumetric Efficiency
Figure 2-47. Fresh Air Intake System
Figure 2-49. Figure 2-50. Increasing Compression Ratio.
Figure 2-51. Ignition Timing
Valve Timing.
Figure 2-54. Valve Opening Duration
Figure 2-55. Valve Timing Diagram Showing Valve Overlap
Section VI. ENGINE OUTPUT
Figure 2-58. Forms of Energy.
Figure 2-60. Torque Effect.
Figure 2-62. Dynamometers.
Figure 2-63. Conversion of Torque to Work.
Section VII. ENGINE EFFICIENCY
Mechanical Efficiency
Overall Efficiency
Chapter 3. CONVENTIONAL ENGINE CONSTRUCTION
Figure 3-2. Requirements of a Cylinder.
Figure 3-3. Cylinder Sleeves.
Figure 3-5. Typical Cylinder Head Installation.
Figure 3-6. Combustion Chambers.
Figure 3-8. Cylinder Head Cooling.
Figure 3-10. Air-Cooled Cylinder.
Section II. ROTATING AND RECIPROCATING PARTS
Figure 3-13. Controlling Piston Expansion.
Figure 3-15. Full and Partial-Skirted Pistons.
Figure 3-15. Full and Partial-Skirted Pistons.
Figure 3-19. Configurations of Piston Rings.
Figure 3-20. Types of Compression Rings.
Figure 3-21. Operation of Compression Rings.
Figure 3-22. Heat Dam.
Figure 3-26. Top Ring Groove Insert.
Crankshaft.
Figure 3-30. Piston Pin.
Figure 3-32. Piston Pin Configurations.
Figure 3-34. Crankshaft Construction.
Figure 3-35. Crankshaft throw Arrangements.
Figure 3-36. Crankshaft Counterweights.
Figure 3-37. Figure 3-38. Crankshaft Lubrication Passages.
Figure 3-39. Figure 3-40. Typical Insert Bearing Installation.
Figure 3-41. Bearing Materials.
Figure 3-44. Crankshaft Main Bearings.
Section III. 3-12. Valves and Seats.
Figure 3-47. Exhaust Valve Configurations.
Figure 3-49. Valve Guides.
Figure 3-51. Valve Rotators.
Figure 3-53. Driving the Camshaft.
Figure 3-55. Mechanical Tappets.
Figure 3-56. Hydraulic Tappets.
Figure 3-58. Push Rod.
Figure 3-60. Examples of Adjusting Valve Clearance.
Chapter 4. GASOLINE FUEL SYSTEMS
Fuel Filters.
Fuel Filter Configurations
Fuel Pumps.
Figure 4-8. Fuel Filter Element Configurations.
Figure 4-9. Mechanical Nonpositive Pump.
Figure 4-10. Mechanical Positive Pump Installation.
Figure 4-12. Bellows-Type Electric Fuel Pump.
Intake Manifold.
Figure 4-15. Ram Induction Manifold
Figure 4-17. Water Heated Intake Manifold
Figure 4-18. Air Filter.
Section II. Principles of Carburetion
Figure 4-21. Example of Atomization
Section III CONSTRUCTION OF THE BASIC CARBURETOR
Figure 4-26. Float Circuit.
Section IV. SYSTEMS OF THE CARBURETOR
Figure 4-29. Idle and Low-Speed Systems.
Figure 4-30. High Speed Systems.
Figure 4-32. Vacuum-Operated Metering Rod.
Accelerator Pump Circuit.
Figure 4-35. Diaphragm Accelerator Pump.
Figure 4-36. Duration Spring.
Figure 4-37. Choke Valve Operation.
Figure 4-39. Automatic Choke System.
Figure 4-41. Engine Coolant Heated Choke.
Figure 4-43. Exhaust Heat-Tube Type Choke.
Figure 4-46. Remote Choke Pulloff.
Figure 4-48. Fast Idle Cam Operation.
Figure 4-50. Two Barrel Carburetor with Fixed Linkage.
Figure 4-51. Mechanical Progressive Linkage Operation.
Figure 4-52. Vacuum Progressive Linkage Operation.
Figure 4-53. Secondary Air Valve Operation.
Figure 4-55 Updraft, Downdraft and Sidedraft Carburetors
Figure 4-57. Degasser System.
Accessory Systems
Air-conditioning Solenoid
Heated Air Intake System
Figure 4-62. Heated Air Intake System Operation.
Section V. FUEL INJECTION SYSTEMS
Figure 4-63. Mechanical-Timed Injection.
Figure 4-64. Electronic-Timed Injection.
Figure 4-65. Continuous Injection.
Figure 4-66. Throttle Body Injection.
Section VI. TURBOCHARGERS AND SUPERCHARGERS
Figure 4-67. Turbocharger
Figure 4-68. Centrifugal Supercharger.
Figure 4-71. Pressure Box.
Figure 4-72. Centrifugal Governor.
Figure 4-73. Velocity-Vacuum Governor-Type I.
Figure 4-74. Velocity-Vacuum Governor-Type II
Section VIII. CHARACTERISTICS OF GASOLINE
Crankcase Dilution
Octane Rating.
Other Causes for Knocking.
Chapter 5. DIESEL FUEL SYSTEMS
Multifuel Engine Authorized Fuels
Figure 5-1. Fuel Density Compensator.
Open Chamber
Figure 5-3. Precombustion Chamber.
Figure 5-5. Spherical Chamber.
Operation of the chamber
Section III. 5-13. Fuel Injection Principles.
Figure 5-6. General System Operation.
Figure 5-7. Multiple Unit Injection Pump.
Figure 5-8. Multiple Unit Injector.
Injector Nozzles
Figure 5-9. Injector Nozzles.
Wobble Plate Pump System
Figure 5-10. Wobble Plate Injection Pump.
Distributor-Type Injection System.
Figure 5-11. Distributor Injection System.
Figure 5-12. & Figure 5-13. Distributor-Type Unit Injectors.
Figure 5-14. Unit Injection System.
Figure 5-15. Unit Injector Operation
Pressure-Timed (PT) Injection System.
Figure 5-16. Pressure-Timed Injection System.
Figure 5-17. Pressure-Times Gear Pump.
Figure 5-18. Pressure-Timed Delivery Injector Operation.
PSB Distributor lnjection System.
Figure 5-20. PSB Injection Pump.
Figure 5-21. PSB Injection Pump Operation.
Section IV. FUEL SUPPLY PUMPS
Figure 5-22. Plunger-Type Supply Pump.
Section V. GOVERNORS
Figure 5-23. Mechanical (Centrifugal) Governor.
Figure 5-24. Vacuum Operated Governor.
Figure 5-25. Timing Device.
Figure 5-26. Timing Device Operation.
Section VII. COLD WEATHER STARTING AIDS
Figure 5-27. Manifold Flame Heater System.
Section VIII. FUEL FILTERS
Figure 5-29. Primary Fuel Filter.
Section IX. ENGINE RETARDER SYSTEM
Figure 5-31. Jacobs Engine Break
Chapter 6. PROPANE FUEL SYSTEMS
Chapter 7. EXHAUST AND EMISSION CONTROL SYSTEMS
Figure 7-2. Exhaust Manifold
Figure 7-3. Manifold Heat Control Valve
Figure 7-4. Muffler
Figure 7-6. Draft Tube System.
Figure 7-7. PCV System
Catalytic Converters
Figure 7-8. Catalytic Converter
Special Considerations.
Figure 7-9. Air Pump System
Figure 7-10. Naturally Aspirated System.
Figure 7-11. EGR System.
Fuel Evaporation Control System
Figure 7-12. Fuel Evaporation System.
Chapter 8. LUBRICATION SYSTEM
Section II. ENGINE OILS
Figure 8-2. How Oil Lubricates
Figure 8-3. Sources of Oil Contamination
VISCOSITY AND VISCOSITY MEASUREMENTS.
Figure 8-4. & Figure 8-5. Gear-Type Oil Pump.
SECTION III. OIL PUMPS
Figure 8-6. Oil Pickup and Strainer
Figure 8-7. Oil Filters.
Figure 8-8. Oil Filtering Mediums
Figure 8-9. Filter System Configurations.
Figure 8-10. Figure 8-11. Figure 8-12.
Section IV. TYPES OF LUBRICATION SYSTEMS
Figure 8-15. Combination Splash and Force-Feed Lubrication System
Full Force-Feed Lubrication System
Chapter 9. ENGINE COOLING SYSTEMS
Figure 9-1. Liquid Cooled System
Figure 9-2. Engine Radiator Construction
Figure 9-3. Water Pump Construction
Figure 9-4. Viscous Fan Clutch
Figure 9-6. Variable Pitch Fan
Figure 9-7. Bellows Type Thermostat
Figure 9-8. Pellet Type Thermostat
Figure 9-9. Coolant Bypass
Figure 9-10. Pressure Cap
Figure 9-12. Closed Cooling System
Figure 9-13. Air Cooling System
Chapter 10. GAS TURBINE ENGINES
Branca's Stamping Mill
Figure 10-2. Theory of Gas Turbine Engine
Section II. COMPARISON TO PISTON ENGINE
Figure 10-4. The Otto Cycle
Figure 10-5. The Brayton Cycle
Figure 10-6. Air Inlet Section
Figure 10-7. Axial Compressor
Figure 10-8. Centrifugal Compressor
Figure 10-9. Combustion Chamber
Figure 10-10. Typical Recouperator
Figure 10-11. & Figure 10-12. Radial Inflow Turbine
Figure 10-13. Axial Flow Design
Figure 10-16. Impulse-Reaction Turbine Blade.
Section IV. FUEL SYSTEM
Figure 10-19. Fuel Injection Nozzles
Lubrication System Components.
Figure 10-21. Typical Fuel-Oil Cooler
Figure 10-22. Typical Ignition System.
PART THREE. ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS AND RELATED UNITS
Composition of Electricity
Figure 11-2. Composition of Electricity.
Section II. SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
Figure 11-4. Covalent Bonding OF Silicon.
Figure 11-6. Boron-Doped Silicon.
Figure 11-8. Diode Operation.
Figure 11-9. & Figure 11-10. Transistor Configurations.
Figure 11-11. Transistor Operation.
Section III. 11-9. Amperage(Current) and Voltage.
Figure 11-12. Basic Electrical Circuit.
Figure 11-13. Typical Automotive Circuit.
Figure 11-14. Circuit Configurations.
Bar and Horseshoe Magnets
Figure 11-18. Electromagnetism.
Figure 11-20. Electromagnetism in a Wire Coil.
Figure 11-22. Electromagnetic Induction.
CHAPTER 12. BATTERIES
Figure 12-3. Cell Group Construction.
Figure 12-4. Battery Cell Elements.
Figure 12-5. Battery Container Construction.
Figure 12-6. Battery Discharge/Charge Cycle.
Section III. TYPES OF BATTERIES
Construction.
Table 12-1. Lead-Acid Vs Nickel-Cadmium Batteries.
Figure 12-7. Comparison of Discharge Characteristics.
Battery Installation Configurations
Figure 12-8. Battery Installation Configurations.
Chapter 13. CHARGING SYSTEMS
Figure 13-1. & Figure 13-2. Multiple -Loop Generator.
AC and DC Current Flow.
Figure 13-4. Field Winding Configurations.
Figure 13-5. Shunt-Wound Generator.
Figure 13-7. Generator Drive Systems.
Figure 13-8. Cutout Relay.
Reverse-Series Field Generator
Figure 13-10. Vibrating Point Voltage Regulator.
Voltage Regulation.
Figure 13-11. Vibrating Point Regulator Circuit.
Carbon-Pile Regulator
Third-Brush Regulation
Control of Third-Brush Generator
Step-Voltage Control.
Figure 13-15. Thermostatic Control of Third-Brush Generator.
Figure 13-16. Thermostatic Control of Third-Brush Generator.
Paralleling Generators.
Figure 13-18. Main and Auxiliary Generators.
Differential-Voltage-and-Reverse-Current Relay.
Figure 13-19. Paralleling Relays.
Figure 13-20. Carbon-Pile Regulation of Generators.
Figure 13-21. Typical Alternator.
Figure 13-22. Diode Arrangement Rectifier Bridge.
Figure 13-22. Diode Arrangement Rectifier Bridge.
Figure 13-25. Rotor Construction.
Figure 13-27. Rotor-to-Stator Relationship.
Figure 13-29. Rotor-to-Stator Relationship.
Figure 13-30. Lundell Inductor.
Figure 13-31. Inductor Alternator
Figure 13-32. Brushless-Rotating Rectifier
Figure 13-33. Generator Cooling.
AC Generator Regulation
Figure 13-35. Vibrating Point Regulating Circuit
Figure 13-36. Transistorized Voltage Regulator
Figure 13-37. & Figure 13-38. Fuel Pressure Field Switch Circuit
Figure 13-39. Field Relay and Warning Light Circuit.
Chapter 14. STARTING SYSTEMS
Automotive Starting Motor.
Figure 14-3. Typical Starting Motor
Figure 14-4. & Figure 14-5. Starter Drives.
Figure 14-6. Gear Reduction Starter
Figure 14-8. Pedal Shift Starter
Figure 14-9. Solenoid Shift Lever
Section II. CONTROL SYSTEMS
Figure 14-11. Key and Pushbutton Control Circuits
Figure 14-13. Generator Lockout Relay
Figure 14-14. Oil Pressure Lockout Circuit
Chapter 15. IGNITION SYSTEMS
Figure 15-1. Principles of Self-Induction
Figure 15-2. Capacitor Action.
Ignition System.
Figure 15-4. Ignition Switch and Positions.
Figure 15-6. Ignition Distributor.
Figure 15-7. Typical Spark Plug Construction and Heat Range Descriptions
Figure 15-10. Ballast Resistor
Multiple Contact Distributors.
Figure 15-13. Alternately Actuated Multiple Contacts.
Figure 15-14. Dual-Circuit Contact Points.
Figure 15-15. Twin-Ignition System
Figure 15-16. Transistorized Point Ignition
Figure 15-17. Solid State Ignition System.
Capacitive-Discharge Ignition
Figure 15-19. Vacuum Timing Controls.
Figure 15-20. Centrifugal Timing Controls.
Figure 15-21. Computerized Timing Control System
Figure 15-22. Typical Magneto System.
Figure 15-23. Magneto Generator.
Distributor.
Figure 15-24. Magneto Control System. (Part A)
Figure 15-24. Magneto Control System. (Part B)
Section III. WATERPROOFING IGNITION SYSTEMS
Figure 15-25. Waterproof Ignition System.
Chapter 16. LIGHTING SYSTEMS
Figure 16-2. Lamp Construction and Configuration.
Figure 16-3. Focused Light Beam Construction.
Headlights.
Figure 16-4. Automotive Headlamp Pattern.
Figure 16-5. Automotive Headlamp Configurations
Figure 16-7. Instrument-Mounted Headlamp Switch.
Figure 16-8. Turn Signal Lever-Mounted Headlamp Switch.
Figure 16-9. Blackout Light/Headlamp Switch.
Figure 16-10. Floor-Mounted Dimmer Switch
Section II. BLACKOUT LIGHTING
Section III. COMMERCIAL VEHICLE LIGHTING
Figure 16-18. Typical Turn Signal Switch
Figure 16-20. Turn Signal Flasher
Figure 16-22. Stoplight Switch Configuration
Chapter 17. INSTRUMENTS, GAGES, AND ACCESSORIES
Figure 17-2. Ammeter Operation
Figure 17-4. Low Voltage Warning Lamp
Figure 17-6. Thermostatic Fuel Gage: Self Regulating
Figure 17-7 Thermostatic Fuel Gage: Externally Regulated
Figure 17-8. Thermostatic Fuel Gage: Differential Type
Pressure Gages.
Figure 17-10. Types of Sending Units for Pressure Gages
Figure 17-11. Mechanical Pressure Gages
Speedometers and Tachometers.
Figure 17-14. Mechanical Temperature Gage
Figure 17-16. Mechanical Speedometer Installation
Figure 17-17. Mechanical Speedometer Operation
Figure 17-18. Odometer Operation
Figure 17-20. Electric Speedometer and Tachometer Operation
Vacuum Gage
Figure 17-22. Vacuum Gage Readings
Section II. HORNS
Figure 17-24. & Figure 17-25. Air Horns
Section III. WINDSHIELD WIPES
Figure 17-27. Wiper Arm and Blade
Figure 17-28. Auxillary Power Receptacle
Figure 17-29. Typical Heating Ventilation and Air-Conditioning System.
Auxiliary Heaters.
Figure 17-32. Vacuum-Operated Mode Doors
Section V. AUTOMOTIVE WIRING
Figure 17-34. Harness Bindings
Wiring Harness Identification
Figure 17-36. Electrical Terminals
Figure 17-37. Wire Receptacles and Connectors
Requirements.
Chapter 18. RADIO INTERFERENCE AND SUPPRESSION
Figure 18-1. Typical Battery Ignition System
Section II. SUPPRESSION
Figure 18-2. Radio Interference Suppression Filters and Cable Shielding
Figure 18-3. Examples of Bonding
Transport Vehicles
PART FOUR. POWER TRAINS
Figure 19-1. Power Takeoff.
Figure 19-2. Power Takeoff Driving Winch
Figure 19-3. Mechanical Advantage.
Figure 19-4. Internal and External Gears.
Figure 19-6. Planetary Gear System
Figure 19-7. Laws of Planetary Gearing
Figure 19-8. Typical Locations of Antifriction Bearings.
Figure 19-9. Typical Ball Bearings
Figure 19-11. Typical Tapered Roller Bearings
Figure 19-12. Typical Needle Bearings.
Figure 19-14. Synthetic rubber Oil Seals
Figure 19-15. Wick Seals
Section III. POWER TRAIN CONFIGURATIONS
Figure 19-17. Typical Front-Wheel Drive Configuration
Figure 19-19. Typical Four-Wheel Drive Power Transmission
Figure 19-21. Typical Eight-Wheel Drive Vehicle
Chapter 20. HYDRAULIC PRINCIPLES
Figure 20-2. Pascal's Law.
Figure 20-3. Mechanical Advantage.
Figure 20-5. Rotary Pumps.
Figure 20-6. & Figure 20-7. Internal-External Gear Pump.
Section III.20-8.Construction
Figure 20-8. Simple Hydraulic Jack.
Chapter 21. CLUTCHES, FLUID COUPLINGS, AND TORQUE CONVERTERS
Driven Members.
Figure 21-3. Single, Large Coil Spring Clutch.
Figure 21-4. Cross-Sectional View of Large Coil Spring Clutch.
Figure 21-5. Diaphragm Spring Clutch Operation.
Figure 21-6. & Figure 21-7. Clutch Activation.
Figure 21-8. Mechanical Operating Systems.
Figure 21-9. Hydraulic Operating Systems.
Figure 21-10. Simple Dry Plate Clutch.
Figure 21-11. Clutch Disk With Two Driven Disks.
Figure 21-12. Multiple-Disk Clutch.
Figure 21-13. Semicentrifugal Clutch - Cross Sectional View.
Figure 21-14. Fluid Coupling - Disassembled View.
Figure 21-15. Fluid Coupling - Schematic View.
Operation.
Figure 21-17. Torque Converter Cutaway so Curvature of Vanes and Oil Flow is Visible.
Figure 21-18. Primary and Secondary Stators Showing Freewheeling Rotors.
Figure 21-19. Torque Converter with Lockup Clutch.
Chapter 22. CONVENTIONAL TRANSMISSIONS
Figure 22-1 Transmission Shifting Mechanism and Control Lever.
Figure 22-2. Transmission Gears in Neural Position.
Figure 22-3. Transmission Gears in Low Position.
Figure 22-5. Transmission in High Position.
Section IV. CONSTANT MESH TRANSMISSION
Figure 22-7. Constant Mesh Transmission Assembly.
Figure 22-8. Main shaft Assembly
Figure 22-10. Synchromesh Transmission.
Figure 22-11. Gearshift Linkage.
Chapter 23. AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSIONS
Section II. DRIVE TRAIN MECHANISMS
Figure 23-3. Multiple-Disk Clutch Operation.
Figure 23-4. Brake Band.
Figure 23-5. & Figure 23-6. Overrunning Clutches.
Compound Planetary Drive Train.
Figure 23-8. Compound Planetary Drive Train Operation.
Simpson Drive Train.
Figure 23-9. Simpson Drive Train Operation. (Part A)
Figure 23-9. Simpson Drive Train Operation. (Part B)
Drive-Low
Section IV. SYSTEM HYDRAULIC
Figure 23-11. Typical Transmission Hydraulic Pump.
Converter Feed Circuit
Figure 23-12. Typical Torque Converter Feed Circuit.
Range Control System
Figure 23-13. Typical Range Control Circuit.
Figure 23-14. Manual Valve Operation
Figure 23-15. Operation of the Governor.
Figure 23-16. & Figure 23-17. Shift Valve.
Figure 23-18. Transmission Hydraulic System in Neutral.
Figure 23-19. Transmission Hydraulic System in Low (L) Range.
Figure 23-20. Transmission Hydraulic in Reverse (R).
Auxiliary Devices
Figure 23-21. Transmission Hydraulic System in Drive (D)-Low Range.
Figure 23-22. Transmission Hydraulic System in Drive (D)- Direct Range
Figure 23-23. Transmission Hydraulic System in Drive (D)- Forced Downshift Range
Figure 23-24. Operation of the Accumulator
Figure 23-25. Transmission Modulator
Figure 23-26. Hydraulic Schematic of a Typical Three Speed Automatic Transmission
Chapter 24. CROSS-DRIVE TRANSMISSION
Figure 24-1. Cross Drive Transmission- Right Front View
Figure 24-2. Cross Drive Transmission-Disassembled into Main Subassemblies
Figure 24-3. Torque Converter Construction and Principles of Operation
Figure 24-4. Power Flow through Cross-Drive Transmission in Low Range. (Part A)
Steering.
Figure 24.5 Power Flow through Cross-Drive Transmission in High Range. (Part A)
Figure 24-5. Power Flow through Cross-Drive Transmission in High Range (Part B)
Figure 24-6. Power Flow through Cross-Drive Transmission in Reverse Range.(Part A)
Figure 24-6. Power Flow through Cross-Drive Transmission in Reverse Range
Figure 24-7. Power Flow through Cross-Drive Transmission during Left Steering in Neutral Range
Figure 24-7 Power Flow through Cross-Drive Transmission during Left Steering in Neutral Range
Figure 24-7. Power Flow through Cross Drive Transmission during Left Steering in Neutral Range (Part C)
Figure 24-8. Power Flow through Cross-Drive Transmission during Right Steering in Neutral Range
Figure 24-8. Power Flow through Cross-Drive Transmission during Right Steering in Neutral Range (Part B)
Figure 24-8 Power Flow through Cross-Drive Transmission during Right Steering in Neutral Range (Part C)
Figure 24-9. Power Flow through Cross-Drive Transmission during Left Steering in Low Range
Figure 24-9. Power Flow through Cross-Drive Transmission during Left Steering in Low Range
Figure 24-9. Power Flow through Cross-Drive Transmission during Left Steering in Low Range (Part C)
Figure 24-10. Range Control Valve and Steering Control Valve Schematic Diagram
Figure 24-11. Brake-Schematic View
Chapter 25. X1100 SERIES CROSS-DRIVE TRANSMISSION
Figure 25-1. X1100 Transmission-External View
Figure 25-2. X1100 Transmission - Internal
Figure 25-4. Power Flow through X1100 Transmission in Neutral
Figure 25-5. Power Flow through X1100 Transmission in First Range
Figure 25-6. Power Flow through X1100 Transmission in Second Range
Figure 25-7. Power Flow through X1100 Transmission in Third Range
Figure 25-8. Power Flow through X1100 Transmission in Fourth Range.
Figure 25-9. Power Flow through X1100 Transmission in Reverse 1 Range.
Figure 25-10. & Figure 25-11. Hydrostatic Steer Unit-Zero Steer
Figure 25-12. Hydraulic Diagram for X1100 Transmission-Zero Steer
Figure 25-13. Hydrostatic Steer Unit in Left-Steer Position.
Figure 25-15. Final Drive Assembly
Chapter 26. AUXILIARY TRANSMISSIONS, SUBTRANSMISSIONS, AND OVERDRIVES
Figure 26-2. Auxiliary Transmission - Sectional View.
Section III. OVERDRIVES
Unit Construction
Overdrive Control System.
Figure 26-6. Overdrive in Engaged Position.
Figure 26-7. Typical Overdrive Control Circuit.
Chapter 27. TRANSFER ASSEMBLIES
Figure 27-2. Typical Conventional Transfer Assembly for 6X6 Vehicles
Figure 27-4. Power Flow in Transfer Assembly, (Part A)
Section III. DEFFERENTIAL-TYPE TRANSFER ASSEMBLIES
Figure 27-5. Differential-Type Transfer Assembly.
Section IV. POSITIVE TRACTION TRANSFER CASE
Figure 27-6. Transfer Assembly Sprag Unit.
Figure 27-7. Positive Traction Transfer Case Operation.
Figure 27-8. Air-Control diagram of Transmission and Transfer Assembly using an Air-Controlled Double-Sprag Unit
Air-Operated Shifter Operation
Chapter 28. PROPELLER SHAFTS, SLIP JOINTS, AND UNIVERSAL JOINTS
Section II. CONVENTIONAL UNIVERSAL JOINTS
Figure 28-3. Speed Fluctuations Caused by Conventional Universal Joints.
Figure 28-4. Various Conventional Universal Joints.
Section III. CONSTANT VELOCITY JOINTS
Figure 28-5. Rzeppa Constant Velocity Joint
Figure 28-6. Bendix-Weiss Constant Velocity Joint.
Figure 28-7. Tracta Constant Velocity Joint.
Figure 28-8. Double Cross and Roller Constant Velocity Joint.
Chapter 29. DIFFERENTIALS, FINAL DRIVES, AND DRIVING AXLES
Figure 29-2. Conventional Driveshaft.
Figure 29-3. Comparison of Conventional and High-Traction Differential Gears.
Figure 29-4. Sprag-Type No-Spin Differential.
Clutch-Type No-Spin Differential.
Figure 29-6. Multiple Plate Clutch No-Spin Differential.
Figure 29-7. Cone Clutch-Type No-Spin Differential.
Figure 29-8. Gear Drive Configurations.
Figure 29-9. Worm Gear Drive.
Live Axle Configurations.
Figure 29-11. Axle Configurations.
Figure 29-12. Independent Live Axle Suspention.
Figure 29-13. Double Reduction Drive Axle.
Figure 29-14. Dual-Ratio Drive Axle.
Figure 29-15. Double-Reduction Dual-Ratio Drive Axle.
Figure 29-16. Gear Carrier with Power Divider.
Front Wheel(Steerable) LiveAxle.
Figure 29-17. Front Live Axle Assembly and Four-Wheel Drive Installation.
Figure 29-18. Hellical Gear Drive for Steerable Wheels.
Figure 29-19. Tandem Axles with Individual Propeller Shafts.
Figure 29-20. Tandem Axles with Power Divider.
Section IV. CONTROLLED DIFFERENTIAL
Figure 29-22. Controlled Differential with Final Drive.
Section V. WHEEL VEHICLE PERFORMANCE
Drawbar Pull.
PART FIVE. CHASSIS COMPONENTS
Figure 30-2. Coil Springs.
Section II. SOLID AXLE SUSPENSION SYSTEMS
Figure 30-5. Torque Tube Drive.
Figure 30-7. Coil Spring and Control Rod Drive.
Section III. INDEPENDENT AXLE SUSPENSION SYSTEMS
Figure 30-9. Freewheeling Independent Suspension.
Figure 30-11. Driven Parallel Wishbone Torsion Bar Suspension.
Section IV. HEAVY VEHICLE SUSPENSION
Figure 30-14. Auxiliary Spring Suspension.
Figure 30-15. Variable Load Spring Arrangement.
Section V. AIR-OVER-HYDRAULIC SUSPENSION
Figure 30-18. Pressure Regulator Valve.
Section VI. SHOCK ABSORBERS
Figure 30-21. Single-Acting Cam-Operated Shock Absorber.
Figure 30-23. Direct-Acting Shock Absorber.
Figure 30-24. Pusher Axle and Controls.
Chapter 31. SUSPENSION SYSTEMS IN TRACKED VEHICLES
Figure 31-1. The Volute Spring.
Figure 31-3. Road Wheels.
Figure 31-4. Idler Wheel Operation.
Section II. CONFIGURATIONS
Hydromechanical Lockout System.
Section IV. SPADE SYSTEM
WHEELS, TIRES, AND TRACKS
Section II. WHEEL RIMS
Figure 32-6. Safety Rim
Section III. BEAD LOCKS AND BEAD CLIPS
Section IV. TIRES
Figure 32-11. Bias-Ply Tire Construction
Types of Treads.
Figure 32-16. Regular Treads.
Section V. TUBES
Figure 32-21. Bullet Resisting Tube
Figure 32-24. All-Metal-Stem Cured-On Valve
Figure 32-27. Snap-In Tubeless Tire Valve
Section VI. TRACKS
Figure 32-31. Double-Pin Tracks.
Figure 32-32. Single-Pin Tracks.
STEERING SYSTEMS AND WHEEL ALINEMENT
Figure 33-2. Fifth-Wheel Steering
Figure 33-3. Solid Axle Suspension.
Figure 33-4. Center Steering Linkage.
Figure 33-6. Rack and Pinion Steering Linkage.
Section II. 33-4.Worm andSectorType
Figure 33-9. Cam and Lever Steering Gear
Section III. POWER STEERING - HYDRAULIC TYPE
Figure 33-12. Typical Power Steering Pump.
Figure 33-13. Control Valve
Figure 33-14. Power Steering Gearbox
Figure 33-15. Hydraulic Cylinder.
Figure 33-16. Configurations of Power Steering Systems
Figure 33-17. Air Steering
Section V. FOUR-WHEEL DRIVING AND STEERING
Figure 33-18. & Figure 33-19. Four Wheel Steering
Section VI. WHEEL ALINEMENT PRINCIPLES
Figure 33-21. Caster Angle
Figure 33-22. Kingpin inclination
Figure 33-24. Toe-in
Figure 33-25. Tracking
Chapter 34. BRAKING SYSTEMS
Vehicle Stopping Distance
Figure 34-4. Action During Wheel Rolling and Skidding
Section II. DRUM BRAKE MECHANISMS
Figure 34-6. Brakeshoes and Brake Lining
Figure 34-7. Brakedrum Construction
Operation
Figure 34-8. Self-Engergizing and Servo Action
Figure 34-9. Drum Brake Configurations.
Figure 34-10. Self-Adjusting Mechanisms
Section III. DISK BRAKE MECHANISMS
Figure 34-11. Disk Brake Assembly
Floating Caliper
Figure 34-12. Floating Caliper
Figure 34-13. Fixed Multipiston Calipers
Self-Energizing Disk Brakes
Figure 34-14. Self-Energizing Disk Brakes
Section IV. 34-17.ContractingTransmissionBrake
Figure 34-16. Disk Transmission Brake
Figure 34-17. Parking Brake Configurations
Section V. MECHANICAL BRAKE SYSTEM
Figure 34-18. Mechanical Brake System.
Section VI. HYDRAULIC BRAKE SYSTEM
Figure 34-19. Principles of the Hydraulic System.
Figure 34-20. Diagram of Hydraulic Brake System.
Figure 34-21. Master Cylinder and Components.
Figure 34-22. Wheel Cylinder Configurations.
Hill Holder
Section VII. POWER BRAKING SYSTEMS
Figure 34-24. Power Booster and Operation.
Figure 34-25. Tandem-Type Booster.
Figure 34-27. Bellows-Type Booster.
Section VIII. AIRBRAKE SYSTEM
Figure 34-31. Typical Airbrake System.
Figure 34-32. Typical Air Compressor, Two-Cylinder.
Figure 34-33. Typical Air Compressor, Three-Cylinder.
Figure 34-34. Governor.
Figure 34-36. Brake Chamber.
Figure 34-39. Slack Adjuster - Partial View.
Figure 34-40. Air-Over-Hydraulic Brake System.
Section X. VACUUM-OVER-HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
Figure 34-41. Vacuum-Over-Hydraulic Brake System - Released.
Figure 34-42. Vacuum-Over-Hydraulic Brake System - Applied.
Figure 34-43. Electric Brake System.
Operation
PART SIX. HULLS, BODIES, AND FRAMES
Figure 35-2. Integrated Frame and Body.
Figure 35-3. Truck Frame (Ladder).
Section II. TRACKED VEHICLES
Figure 35-4. & Figure 35-5. Unarmored Hulls
Chapter 36. ACCESSORIES
Figure 36-2. 36-5. Transfer Case Power Takeoff
Figure 36-3. Single-Speed, Single-Gear Power Takeoff Installation.
Section II. WINCHES
Figure 36-6. Jaw-Clutch Worm-Gear Winch.
Figure 36-7. Location of Central Tire-Pressure Control System Components.
Figure 36-8. 2 1/2 Ton 6x6 Gasoline Tank Truck.
Figure 36-10. Location of Portable Pump and Hose in Tank Semitrailer.
Section V. DUMP TRUCK MECHANISMS
Figure 36-13. Dump Body - Raised.
Figure 36-15. Dump Body Control Lever (Driver's Seat Removed).
Figure 36-16. Control Linkage Between Control Lever, Control Box, and Power Takeoff.
Figure 36-17. Crane Assembly on Wrecking Truck.
Figure 36-19. Main Drive and Associated Parts.
Section VII. UNDERWATER VENTILATING SYSTEMS
Figure 36-20. Tank Prepared for Deepwater Fording.
Figure 36-21. Ventilation System for Deepwater Fording.
Figure 36-22. Crankcase Breather for Fording.
Chapter 37. PRINCIPLES OF REFRIGERATION
Figure 37-1. Refrigerant-12 Pressure-Temperature Relationship.
Figure 37-2. Refrigeration Cycle.
Section II. SYSTEM COMPONENTS
Figure 37-4. Expansion Valve and Expansion Tube.
Figure 37-5. Typical Evaporator
Figure 37-6. Thermostatic Evaporator.
Figure 37-8. Suction throttling Valve.
Figure 37-9. Pilot-Operated Absolute (POA) Valve.
Figure 37-10. Compressor Components.
Figure 37-11. Compressor Superheat Switch.
Figure 37-12. Two-Cylinder Axial Compressor.
Figure 37-13. Four-Cylinder Radial Compressor.
Figure 37-14. Six-Cylinder Axial Compressor.
Figure 37-15. Condenser.
Chapter 38. TRAILERS AND SEMITRAILERS
Figure 38-2. Truck Tractor and Semitrailer connections.
Figure 38-4. Fifth Wheel.
Figure 38-5. Landing Gear.
Figure 38-6. Typical Three-Quarter Trailers.
Figure 38-7. Typical Full-Trailer Chassis.
Figure 38-8. Trailer Converter Dolly.
Section IV MATCHING TOWING VEHICLE TO TRAILER
Appendix. DEFINITION OF TERMS
DEFINITION OF TERMS-CONTINUED
DEFINITION OF TERMS-CONTINUED
DEFINITION OF TERMS-CONTINUED
DEFINITION OF TERMS-CONTINUED
DEFINITION OF TERMS-CONTINUED
DEFINITION OF TERMS-CONTINUED
DEFINITION OF TERMS-CONTINUED
DEFINITION OF TERMS-CONTINUED
DEFINITION OF TERMS-CONTINUED
DEFINITION OF TERMS-CONTINUED
DEFINITION OF TERMS-CONTINUED
DEFINITION OF TERMS-CONTINUED
DEFINITION OF TERMS-CONTINUED
DEFINITION OF TERMS-CONTINUED
DEFINITION OF TERMS-CONTINUED
DEFINITION OF TERMS-CONTINUED
DEFINITION OF TERMS-CONTINUED
DEFINITION OF TERMS-CONTINUED
DEFINITION OF TERMS-CONTINUED
DEFINITION OF TERMS-CONTINUED
DEFINITION OF TERMS-CONTINUED
DEFINITION OF TERMS-CONTINUED
DEFINITION OF TERMS-CONTINUED
DEFINITION OF TERMS-CONTINUED
INDEX
INDEX - CONTINUED
INDEX - CONTINUED
INDEX - CONTINUED
INDEX - CONTINUED
INDEX - CONTINUED
INDEX - CONTINUED
INDEX - CONTINUED
INDEX - CONTINUED
INDEX - CONTINUED
INDEX - CONTINUED
INDEX - CONTINUED
INDEX - CONTINUED
INDEX - CONTINUED
The Metric System and Equivalents
TM-9-8000
Blank Page
Recommended Changes to Equipment Technical Publications
Distribution
Distribution